“鏡像規(guī)則”要求承諾內(nèi)容必須與要約內(nèi)容一一對(duì)應(yīng)，不能有任何變更或不同，就像一面鏡子一樣，這讓人感覺(jué)非常苛刻。這是真的嗎？是否有例外？具體如何適用？我們一起來(lái)看一下吧。

At common law, any different or additional terms in the acceptance make the response a rejection and counteroffer. It insists on an absolute and unequivocal acceptance of each and every term of the offer. This is called “mirror image rule”.

普通法下，承諾與要約必須一一對(duì)應(yīng)，承諾不能與要約有任何的不同或增加任何額外條款，否則被視為拒絕要約或者反要約，這個(gè)規(guī)則被稱(chēng)為“mirror image rule”。

Article 2 of the UUC, which governs the sale of goods, has abandoned the mirror image rule and provides that whether the additional or different terms become part of the contract depends on whether or not both parties are merchants.

規(guī)范貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同的UCC已經(jīng)廢棄了mirror image rule，UCC規(guī)定承諾中的新增或不同條款是否構(gòu)成合同的一部分取決于合同主體是否為商人。

If any party to the contract is not a merchant, the additional or different terms are considered to be mere proposals to modify the contract that do not become part of the contract unless the offeror expressly agrees.

如果合同主體的任何一方不是商人，承諾中的新增或不同條款會(huì)被視為是修改合同的一種提議，除非要約方明確同意，否則不能成為合同的一部分。

If both parties to the contract are merchants, additional terms in the acceptance will be included in the contract unless they materially alter the original terms of the offer, such as by changing a party’s risk or the remedies available; the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer; or the offeror has already objected to the particular terms or objects within a reasonable time after notice of them is received.

如果合同主體雙方都是商人，承諾中的新增或不同條款會(huì)成為合同的一部分。但如果這些條款實(shí)質(zhì)改變了原有要約的條款，比如針對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)和可用救濟(jì)的變更；要約對(duì)承諾有明確限制；或要約方已經(jīng)反對(duì)或者在合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)反對(duì)。那么，這些變更將不能成為合同的一部分。

In addition, other courts follow the “knockout rule”, which states that conflicting terms in the offer and acceptance are knocked out of the contract, because each party is assumed to object to the inclusion of such terms in the contract. Under the knockout rule, gaps left by knocked out terms are filled by the UCC.

另外，一些法院遵從“knockout rule”，因?yàn)橥贫ㄈ魏我环綍?huì)反對(duì)沖突條款的納入，所以將要約和承諾中的沖突條款剔除在合同之外，基于剔除而產(chǎn)生的盲區(qū)由UCC中的規(guī)定進(jìn)行補(bǔ)足。

UCC

Uniform Commercial Code 《統(tǒng)一商法典》

我國(guó)《民法典》

第四百八十八條　承諾的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)與要約的內(nèi)容一致。受要約人對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作出實(shí)質(zhì)性變更的，為新要約。有關(guān)合同標(biāo)的、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬、履行期限、履行地點(diǎn)和方式、違約責(zé)任和解決爭(zhēng)議方法等的變更，是對(duì)要約內(nèi)容的實(shí)質(zhì)性變更。

第四百八十九條　承諾對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作出非實(shí)質(zhì)性變更的，除要約人及時(shí)表示反對(duì)或者要約表明承諾不得對(duì)要約的內(nèi)容作出任何變更外，該承諾有效，合同的內(nèi)容以承諾的內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn)。

作者介紹

延彬彬律師

現(xiàn)為上海律宏律師事務(wù)所合伙人律師，民革黨員。先后被評(píng)為民革上海市委三八紅旗手、民革普陀區(qū)委先進(jìn)個(gè)人，并在第一屆上海律師學(xué)術(shù)大賽中獲“代理詞評(píng)選”優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)，持有證券從業(yè)資格證、上海市知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)工作者證等。

執(zhí)業(yè)領(lǐng)域：

不良資產(chǎn)處置，企業(yè)法律顧問(wèn)，各類(lèi)合同糾紛，勞動(dòng)人事糾紛，婚姻家庭糾紛的處理，刑事案件以及行政案件的處理，醫(yī)療器械行業(yè)法律服務(wù)等。

執(zhí)業(yè)理念：

每個(gè)人都值得擁有自己的私人律師。

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