“你有權(quán)保持沉默，但你所說的都將成為呈堂證供”，這是我們在港片中經(jīng)常聽到的阿Sir的標(biāo)志性逼格用語。今天我們就追根溯源到真正的米蘭達(dá)警告并澄清幾個(gè)誤區(qū)。
Miranda Warnings
米蘭達(dá)警告
Miranda warnings is the right against self-incrimination guarded by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution. It means that a person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be informed, in substance, that:
1.The person has the right to remain silent
2. Anything the person says can be used against them in court
3. The person has the right to presence of an attorney; and
4. If the person cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them if they so desire.
米蘭達(dá)警告是被憲法第十五修正案保護(hù)的不得自證其罪的權(quán)利。具體是指一個(gè)人在拘捕后正式審訊前必須被告知的權(quán)利，主要內(nèi)容包括：
1. 你有權(quán)保持沉默，但你所說的每一句話都可以在法庭上作為指控你的不利證據(jù)。
2. 你也有權(quán)讓律師在場。
3. 如果你無法負(fù)擔(dān)一名律師，你希望的話法庭可以為你指定一名律師。
01
The warning must be verbatim
警告必須一字不漏
The warnings need not be verbatim so long as the substance of the warnings is conveyed.
這些警告不需要逐字宣讀只要警告的主要內(nèi)容告知到位即可。
02
Silence means doing nothing
保持沉默就是什么都不做
After receiving Miranda warnings, a detainee has several options: do nothing, waive their Miranda rights, assert the right to remain silent, or assert the right to consult with an attorney.
在收到米蘭達(dá)警告后，被拘留者可以選擇：什么都不做，放棄其米蘭達(dá)權(quán)利，主張保持沉默的權(quán)利或者主張咨詢律師的權(quán)利。
If the detainee does not respond at all to Miranda warnings, the court will not presume a waiver, but neither will the court presume that the detainee has asserted a right to remain silent or to consult with an attorney. Therefore, the police may continue to question the detainee. So, the detainee must do something to defend their rights.
如果被拘留者不作任何回應(yīng)，法庭不會推定他放棄，也不會推定他主張他的權(quán)利，警方還是可以繼續(xù)審問的。所以被拘留者必須做一些事情來捍衛(wèi)他們的權(quán)利。
If the detainee waives their rights, the waiver must be knowing and voluntary. Invocation of right to remain silent must be explicit, unambiguous, and unequivocal. If the detainee indicates that they wish to remain silent, the police must scrupulously honor their request by not badgering the detainee. If the detainee unambiguously indicates that they wish to speak to counsel, all questioning must cease until counsel has been provided.
如果被拘留者放棄他們的權(quán)利，這種放棄必須是知曉且自愿的。保持沉默的權(quán)利申明必須是明確的，毫不含糊的。如果被拘留者申明他們希望保持沉默，警方必須謹(jǐn)慎的尊重他們的請求，不得對其糾纏不止。如果被拘留者毫不含糊的聲明他們希望與律師對話，在律師到場前所有審訊必須停止。
03
All evidence obtained in violation of Miranda warnings must be inadmissible
違反米蘭達(dá)警告取得的所有證據(jù)均不得準(zhǔn)入
Nontestimonial evidence will not be suppressed if the failure is not purposeful.
未遵從米蘭達(dá)警告并非有意為之，由此獲得的非言詞證據(jù)是可以準(zhǔn)入的。
Statements may be used to impeach the defendant’s trial testimony, but may not be sued as evidence of guilt.
陳述可以被用于質(zhì)疑被告人的法庭證詞，但不能用于定罪的證據(jù)。
If the “question first, warn later” nature of the questioning seemed unplanned and the failure to give Miranda warnings seemed inadvertent. The subsequent valid confession may be admissible.
如果審訊“先審問后警告”的性質(zhì)被認(rèn)為是意外的并且未給與警告是無意的，則之后的認(rèn)罪是可以被準(zhǔn)入的。
The Supreme Court has allowed interrogation without Miranda warnings when it was reasonably prompted by a concern for public safety.
基于對合理的公共安全的考慮，最高院許可不經(jīng)米蘭達(dá)警告的訊問。
作者介紹
延彬彬律師
現(xiàn)為上海律宏律師事務(wù)所合伙人律師，民革黨員。先后被評為民革上海市委三八紅旗手、民革普陀區(qū)委先進(jìn)個(gè)人，并在第一屆上海律師學(xué)術(shù)大賽中獲“代理詞評選”優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)，持有證券從業(yè)資格證、上海市知識產(chǎn)權(quán)工作者證等。
執(zhí)業(yè)領(lǐng)域：
不良資產(chǎn)處置，企業(yè)法律顧問，各類合同糾紛，勞動人事糾紛，婚姻家庭糾紛的處理，刑事案件以及行政案件的處理，醫(yī)療器械行業(yè)法律服務(wù)等。
執(zhí)業(yè)理念：
每個(gè)人都值得擁有自己的私人律師。
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